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RESEARCHERS: EXPLORE ONE STUDY ONE SUMMARY MARIMBA, JUNK PERCUSSION, AND DIGITAL AUDIO AT THE ALEXANDER TURNBULL LIBRARY

ORIGINAL HANDWRITTEN MANUSCRIPT SCORE “ETUDE”

ORIGINAL HANDWRITTEN MANUSCRIPT SCORE “SUMMARY”

ORIGINAL JUNK PERCUSSION SETUP

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Interview with Kellen King about the work:

JOHN PSATHAS INTERVIEW: APRIL 8TH, 2018

Kellen King: One Study One Summary commissioned by Pedro Carniero. Did he have any sort of stipulations for the work?

John Psathas: The only thing he said was, he said I've got this crazy idea of these junk   instruments and I wonder if you might include them in the piece. And so, he   actually sent me the menu of those instruments and he sent me some samples of  each of them. I was able to bring those samples into Logic software and make a sampler instrument, and so as I was composing, I had his junk samples as a separate instrument and was able to build it in that way. But apart from that, he had no stipulation whatsoever and he didn't ask for an electronic backing. He just wanted a piece for marimba and these junk instruments and so this might have been the one and only piece I wrote with electronic backing. Since then though, it has led to a whole lot of other pieces. It was a kind of an explosion for me that I got really inspired and stimulated by. But, Pedro originally just wanted a piece for marimba.

King: So that leads into my next question about the junk percussion. When someone performs One Study, do you want the junk percussion to exactly match the pitch and timbre of the reference sounds provided with CD and score, or can the performer take liberties with their instrument choices?

Psathas: Basically, it's either end of the spectrum. I think if a performer is going to go for a similar outcome in trying to emulate the actual sound of the junk percussion, then I would prefer them to get as close as possible to the actual pitches of the sounds as well, because there is a place in the junk percussion where the pitches are very much aligned or relating to what's happening in the backing track. So that's one end of the spectrum where you get as close as you possibly can. The other end of the spectrum is if you're not going to do that, to really free yourself up, to basically redefine that element of the work so that it becomes your own contribution to the outcome. The metal should be metal. The plastic should be plastic. Those sorts of things should remain the same, but it's either one or the other. The least desirable outcome for me would be something that's kind of half like what it is in the original.

King: When you were when you're writing One Study One Summary, did you write the electronic backing track or marimba part first, or did it they happen simultaneously?

Psathas: The only way I ever write, there's no exception to it really, is to start at the beginning and find out what's going to happen. So, I'm discovering the work as I write it. Because of that I tend to be pushing all the elements of the work on the same front going forward. It's like when I write for orchestra, I write a total sound moving forward bar-by-bar. And so, with this one, it was the marimba, the electronics, and the junk percussion when they finally appear. I do it this way because I’ve always worked with playback. I've always been hearing the music I write, as I write it. The only change over time has been that the quality of the playback has gotten better and better (which means my tempos have gotten slower!). The sample libraries have improved, and the overall technology has improved. I’ve always used playback, that's important, because the way that these elements interact and the way the piece is unfolding, I get excited by it and I get inspired by those relationships; it's a kind of a feedback loop. So then, I push the piece forward by the next few notes, or next few bars because I'm hearing it back and I can just kind of hear somehow - some magical way - I can hear what it is that's supposed to happen next. But in order for it to work, I have to be hearing all of the elements. I can't really go very far with just the marimba or with just the electronics because I need everything to be integrated all the time. And I've only ever been able to work like that. When it comes to orchestra, I've never written a piano reduction and then orchestrated. I've always written for the whole orchestra because of the way the whole orchestra functions. The orchestration is so innately related to the material, and how the material unfolds that I've never been able to separate those things apart and   compartmentalize them. So, with One Study One Summary, one of the sounds that really means a lot, in terms of pushing forward is a low sort of thuddy sound down in the bottom that moves quite fast. It's like a very weird bass drum and it's sort of spastic in its rhythm most of the time. It was a big moment for me when I realized that I didn't have to worry about this ever being played, this element of the work. It released me in terms of rhythm (that element is called Ultrabeat by the way, one of the packages that comes with Logic). It's a preset synthesizer and I just found this thing and it had a very weird way of working, which is to create it and shape the sound, it wasn't the volume or velocity. It was the modulation wheel that did strange things, and I found myself programming it, not completely understanding how the result was being generated, but getting   really excited. I proceeded through the writing of that entire movement with a managed ignorance of how this plugin was working. It was down low, and it was able to be very active and not get in the way. If you hear it through a big system it actually provides a lot of intensity, that low element. It’s a real driver of the piece.

King: Your electronic backing tracks tend to be very unique across the range of all of your electroacoustic   compositions. Do you have a particular sound library that you use in Logic to create these backing tracks?

Psathas: Look up MC-500. That's what I originally started writing music on. And that's a little box I programmed with a little wheel. That was back in the late 80’s, and that was the thing of its time, the best piece of software for sequencing music. And I've just worked with software, always on Mac OS format and I went through a whole bunch of sequences and different kinds of software. Now I write with Logic. Once I realized I'd be working with it for a long while I started investing in a ton of libraries. But I'm a Luddite when it comes to technology, in the sense that I don't really know how to use a lot of things. I load up a sample library, it might be one of the Kontakt instruments, it might be something that's in Reaktor (all of this within Logic) and I'll start going through the sounds. Sometimes I’ll find something like that thumping sound in One Study One Summary that's in Ultrabeat, and I'll just go “this is cool”, then I'm adding the marimba to it.  I'm very easily satisfied with that stuff. I have friends who are serious electroacoustic composers. They wouldn't dream of ever using a preset in a synthesizer. They create their own sounds from scratch. When I talk to them, I can see they’re frustrated with me; that I'm so easily satisfied with my choices. I don't have really extensive production skills either. I use EQ and I kind of know how to use compression. I use some limiting, some reverb, just really basic stuff. I'm still a kid when it comes to that stuff. What I’m drawn to is the play of rhythm that this technology allows. It's the ability to have different layers playing together in a kind of improvised   composition. I don't know what's going to happen, so I am making it up as I go, and it's like I'm playing all of these instruments all at once and I'm listening to everybody else from all the perspectives and gradually creating this piece. And that's what technology does for me. I don’t spend ages and ages refining sound. To give you an example of just how much of a kind of “cheat”  I am, there's a bit in Buyan in which this West African ensemble emerges out of music and it starts flowing this kind of groove. It's a sample player called West Africa and it's a really great plug-in. If you're a hardcore electronic composer it's kind of shameful the way I work, but the thing is for me, it's really not about the sounds.   It's about the way the parts interact and the excitement and energy and sense   of collective purpose that comes from it.

King: Electroacoustic music has been around   for some time. Do you have any specific works or composers that influenced   your writing style in the genre of electroacoustic music?

Psathas: I   think that One Study One Summary   was the result of a kind of process of frustration. Do you know Conlon Nancarrow, the composer? He wrote a lot of music for the player piano, you know with the piano rolls? And he wrote the absolute craziest music in the sense that a whole lot of what he did, you can't even sequence it easily today because it requires multiple clocks for counting time. It's incredible what he did, and he arrived at doing that, basically in exile from music and musical culture. He wanted to hear certain things and he couldn't find people to do it. His innovation was the result of failing a lot of the time in not being able to realize what he wanted to with the means that were at his disposal; which were human beings. And so, One Study One Summary was actually me responding to this   frustration of how to get more out of potential rhythmic interaction. If you put two people together, they would have spent years learning how to play   this piece together. What if I took away one of those things and made it   absolutely consistent every time it was played back? I then added a part to   it which was live and dynamic. So that's how it came about. But the next   thing - which is still answering your question - is how do you make it work   live? The question I repeatedly confronted was, "Why do you need the   live player?". If you've got this really great backing track and you've   got really great marimba samples, why don't you just create a piece that is   all played by Logic? Why do you need a musician to be on stage? That's a   question you can ask about a lot of ‘electronic plus tape’ music. Why do we insist   on having the live part there, why can't it just be an electroacoustic work   that we're supposed to listen to through a stereo system? For me, it comes   down to one very important thing, which is the idea of narrative. Music is always telling us some kind of narrative because it starts here, and it ends there.   So, we are going through time, and something is happening and as humans with the minds that we have, the way that we’re wired, we will try and make sense of it. We'll try and figure it out so that it means something. So, we are caught up in this narrative. I think it's very important that there is a narrative that takes you,  the listener,   from "A to Z". And by the time you get to "Z" you go,   “far out look where "A" is”. And (this is the important thing), as crazy as the journey was, the destination feels inevitable. We got here in this way that I would never have expected, but it feels completely   inevitable. When writing these karaoke pieces, (solo or musician and pre-record),   what's really important is who is in control of the narrative. And for me it   has to be the live musician. So, in One Study One Summary it's the marimba player that's telling the story it's   not the backing track. The role of the backing track is to reinforce,   strengthen, and make the story that is being told by the live musician more   intense. What's very important in composing is controlling the presence of   the backing track. I spend a lot of effort managing it so the backing track doesn’t become too interesting, doesn’t take too much control of the narrative arc of the work. You're always waiting for the live player to come back in, because they're the ones that are telling you the story. And so, I think that's sort of fundamental to this way of working.

King: Do you notice that there has been a trend over the past ten years of pieces that are being written in the same   medium as One Study One Summary?

Psathas: If   you sit down to write your orchestral work and you've got your big open   manuscript paper with all the staves, and you might have a something like   Sibelius or Logic to play you back the music is you write. The software is   not going to offer you any shortcuts in that process because eventually it’s   going to be played by an orchestra. You've got to think it all through. You've   got to get it all right. But when you're writing a piece where half of what   we're going to hear is being performed by a computer, then it is such a   temptation to build shortcuts to quickly copy parts, because the technology,   doesn't just enable it, it encourages it,. So, the thing for me is when I   write anything with electronics, I spend a lot of time on the backing track   with every single note. That low stuff you get in the ultrabeat, that sort of   thuddy sound, it's through-composed, throughout the piece. I don't grab stuff   and then paste it. For me, that's adding a kind of death energy. Composing   which is like a balloon with a very tiny hole in it. When you start writing a   piece music, its natural state is to lose intensity, to lose energy. It's   like air is coming out of the balloon and slowly shrinking. And as a   composer, one of the things you have to do is push energy back into the work   so that it stays buoyant. I think that repetition - unless it's deliberately   used the way minimalist music uses it - repetition can easily be a drainer of   the life force of a work and actually accelerate the air going out of the   balloon. So for me it's all through-composed. There isn't a lot of repetition   in there and every second has to be alive. You can't lose focus or   concentration anywhere in the work. To cite three of my inspirations:   Beethoven, Keith Jarrett, and Pat Metheny; one thing they all have in common is they never ever lose focus. There's no downtime. It doesn't matter what   the intensity level is whether it's loud, quiet, fast, or slow. It doesn't matter. It's always utterly focused, whatever they're doing.

King: I found that when practicing and   performing this piece I had to make a click track to help align my playing   with the backing track. Since the piece, does not come with a click track, do   you have any comment about playing the piece with a click track vs. without a   click track?

Psathas: It’s   all a big experiment, you know. You need to see a lot of people play the   piece to see how it works best. I have always planned these pieces so that   they don't need a click, but then I don't play them. What I can say is that in   most videos I've seen of the work the percussionists don't seem to be playing   with a click. Everything at least is designed to not need a click, and also   because for me, the idea of these pieces is that you should put an iPad on   your music stand with your score and the audio, press play, then just play   off the iPad.You don't need anything else, any other wires or anything. No   headphones, no extra stuff. But you're not the first person that's made a   click track!

King: When analyzing this piece, it seems that   it’s based around a B-flat melodic minor scale with a sharp four. Is this   based around a certain mode that influenced you or is it just what ended up   happening?

Psathas: Well   yes, it's definitely in B-flat minor. But because I've worked quite a bit with   musicians from other cultures. I have a Greek background and I've worked with   Greek melodic instrumentalists, clarinet or the lyra, those sorts of   instruments. I've had some pretty amazing discussions with them over the   years and developed my way of thinking about modality. The best way of   explaining it is that there is a basic modal color which is your tonic and   your third. You know, initially that's what defines the mode, in the case of One Study One Summary. And then there   is a relationship between the fifth and the notes around and it, so whether   it's a sharp four or a flat six, they flavor the fifth a certain way. But the thing is, your basic mode is this minor context. And if you think about it, you've   got a B-flat harmonic minor, B-flat melodic minor, you've got B-flat melodic   minor with the sharp four and I'm moving through any and all of the possible B-flat   minor modes. The only things that need to be really consistent and stable,   other than the tonic, is the minor third because you'll never lose the   minorness. But the second [scale degree], could be a C or C-flat, but it   could also be a C-half flat, and it's all dependent on the expressive need of   the moment. Essentially, I think of it as modally free within a B-flat minor   universe.

King: There are lots of articulations   throughout One Study One Summary,   particularly with the frequent use of tenutos and accents. How do you want   the performer to treat these articulations in relation to one another?

Psathas: It's   been a lifelong project to figure out how to properly articulate what I want   using notation. For me, the tenuto is a soft emphasis, not quite an accent,   but it definitely stands out from the surrounding sixteenths. These days Iprogress   through tenuto, an accent, and then I put two accents one on top of the other.   It's just a question of “How do you get the different levels of   accentuation?”. I guess the really obvious solution would be to have one   accent, two accents, three accents, four accents; or to have an accent with a   number: accent #1, accent #2, accent #3. The problem working with Logic is   you work with velocities. You have this 0-127 or 1-128 range. But what you   actually have in sample libraries is usually a minimum of three dynamic   samples, so you've got your soft, medium, and hard; and they are velocity   0-70, 70-100, and 100-128. You get three different colors, and this is the   real problem for me; when you play the marimba, you sort of have infinite   color. Depending on what you're doing, and if you have the conversation about   mallets, it creates even more possibilities. And then where do you hit the   bar? You know all of that stuff. It's really challenging to think about   exploiting all of that color when you're working with midi. That in some ways   is the biggest limitation in my writing, what midi is imposing on me is an   extreme timbral limitation. I've arrived at this kind of space where I'll use   a tenuto like I do, an accent like I do, and then I'll generally think of   something that's even harder. I'll have those three kinds of emphasis, and   then non-emphasized notes. Usually, what you find is that the levels of   accentuation have their own sort of meter rhythm so that the most accented   notes are sort of linked together in a larger structure or larger phrasing.

King: Because the piece itself is called One Study One Summary, is there   related material in the second movement that summarizes the first movement?

Psathas: No.   The title itself is a reduction of the original title which, for the second   movement was called A Brief Summary of   the Human Presence. That's why it has these moments in there with the   sounds of civilization. There's a place where you hear children playing. Another   part is where you hear a distant cityscape. You can tell that there are cars   in the distance, and there’s the atmosphere of a city. Then at the very end   as it's finishing, you hear just the sound of nature and there's no human presence   there. That was a kind of end of the world, "what happens when we've   gone and nature reasserts itself" question. It was trying to show   different elements of civilization, like the big city, the children in a   playground. That's where that title comes from. It was supposed to be A Brief Summary of the Human Presence,   then I thought it was a bit pretentious as a title, so then I changed it to   One Summary. I'm still sort of mixed about that. I don't really know what I   think of it, because titles are a whole thing of their own. They’re a big   issue, because they flavor the audience's experience and the preconceptions   of the piece before you play it.

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Some information about the tracks used in Logic to create the piece;

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